Completed

Conventional FM radio broadcasts used analog signals to reach receivers. The FCC had approved a new system which allowed radio stations to broadcast using digital signals that seamlessly integrated with the existing broadcasting spectrum and infrastructure. This became known as “HD” (High Definition) Radio because of its near-CD quality audio that was broadcast in 5.1 channels. Other benefits included the ability to transmit subcarrier data, reduced fading and multipath effects, enhanced immunity to weather, noise, and other interference, and expansion of the listener base by increasing the number of stations that could broadcast within a given frequency band. Digital radio broadcasts in the US and Europe were currently offered without subscription charges, which was likely to open the market to a greater audience than that of XM and Sirius. In fact, some views were that HD Radio would replace the market created by satellite radio, bringing high quality radio broadcasts to an architecture based an local transmitting towers.

In order to transition to HD Radio, broadcasters simply added new digital transmission equipment, while consumers transitioned to digital through the use of newly-introduced HD Radio receivers. Since 1995, the United Kingdom and other European countries have operated digitally broadcasting radio stations, which led to the development of a wide range of digital radio receivers for both vehicle and home/office use. These included a digital display, capable of presenting the user with up-to-the-minute news, sports, and weather headlines or bulletins in a scrolled text format. Currently 723 stations in the US were digitally broadcasting, including 12 in Iowa , 35 in Minnesota , 18 in Washington , and 31 in Michigan .

The Vision:

Digital radio offered similar data transfers to that of Satellite Radio, with the added benefit of localization and free service to end users. Large amounts of custom traffic information could be sent to vehicles from the nearby station, without being broadcast nationwide. This data could come directly from the state’s automated Condition Reporting System.

In its early stages, in-vehicle digital radio receivers presented information on the radio display (similar to how some radios now display the title and artist’s name of the current song). In the future, it was possible that data could be extracted from digital radio broadcasts by in-car navigation systems to provide a more interactive experience, including up-to-date maps of traffic information ranging from incidents to tourist events.

Project Summary

Research was carried out into digital radio and its potential applications towards traveler information dissemination. This included researching and understanding the bandwidth available, amount of data lost, distance of broadcast, potential for interference, and cost of commercial digital broadcasting equipment. Secondly, the study examined the extent of consumer radios currently available with the capability of receiving digital signals, established their prices and any compatibility problems. The displays were researched to find standards for the number of available pixels, characters, and lines. This allowed for the final part of the study – research into a potential partnering radio station in an ENTERPRISE member state that may have agreed to be part of a trial deployment as a later project.

Project Activities

The work to be completed as part of this project is as follows:

Task 1: Understanding Digital Radio

Efforts in Task 1 researched digital radio to establish its suitability for disseminating traveler information. This included examining the digital system and all of its required components. Efforts in Task 1 also researched the market for HD radio receivers to understand the anticipated penetration of such receivers in American vehicles over coming years, and to understand the capability for traffic reports to be displayed on standard HD radio receivers.

Task 2: Identifying a Partner for a Trial Deployment

Efforts in Task 2 took the findings of Task 1 and worked in an ENTERPRISE member state to educate and build a relationship with a radio station that may have agreed to serve as a partnering agency in a later field trial. Candidate radio stations were either current HD radio broadcast stations, or stations that may convert to HD broadcasts. Public owned radio stations (ie. KBEM in Minnesota) were candidate stations, as well as more traditional private stations. Efforts in this task supported outreach, education and partnership building with candidate radio stations, and also gave ENTERPRISE members insight into the willingness of radio stations to work with State DOTs to eventually broadcast travel information

Task 3: Final Report

Using the findings from Tasks 1 and 2, a report was created outlining potential applications for digital radio for traveler information dissemination. This included its advantages and disadvantages when compared to existing systems, and the feasibility for traveler information, considering both technical issues as well as the radio stations’ willingness to collaborate with State DOTs. The Final Report also outlined a potential Phase 2 project to serve as a field trial of HD radio in one or more ENTERPRISE member states.

This project looked at the concept of Intelligent or Thinking Highways using miniature, low cost and maintenance free sensors in the road surface. The aim of the project was to review and research the implications of such a new state-of-the-art data collection system for effective operational traffic management only and to perform a technological feasibility study. This was done by looking at two topics,namely applications and technology.

Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) falling under the categories of advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) could considerably reduce incident response/clearing times, traffic delay and minimize congestion. Successful ATMS rely on timely detection of any traffic disruptions or occurrences of incidents. As such, one of the key components of an ATMS is the traffic incident detection system.

Through the use of real-time traffic data collected by a vehicle detection system (VDS), incident detection systems serve to alert operators in the Traffic Management Center (TMC) to potential incidents to be confirmed via CCTV traffic cameras. As fundamental as these systems were to daily operation, the performance of these systems was far from perfect. Primarily, the problem stemmed from the fact that different traffic, geometric and environmental conditions at different locations require different detection algorithm parameters for each detector station. As the aforementioned conditions changed, so too should have the algorithm parameters.

In addition, typically, incident detection systems used loop detectors in order to collect real-time traffic volumes, speeds and occupancy. Loop detectors deteriorated with time and were often torn up during construction. With each new installation, the loop detector’s sensitivity varied requiring re-calibration of the incident detection algorithm. Maintaining the overall system (e.g. constant reinstatement of loop detectors, re-calibration of the system, etc.) for optimal performance became both time consuming and costly.

Research and development of incident detection algorithms and systems were traditionally done offline where the focus was to perfect the algorithm or methodology while maintaining the assumption of a perfect data set. Exposure of these incident detection systems to real-world traffic data potentially revealed opportunities for significant improvement and identify initiatives for further research. However, while researchers and practitioners alike recognized the benefits to testing and developing these algorithms in an “online” environment, there was the concern that such efforts may intrude on the daily operation of the traffic management centers.

The University of Toronto ITS Centre and Testbed provides a unique opportunity for testing, evaluation and development of traffic incident detection systems. Bearing the resemblance of a typical traffic control centre, the ITS Centre has access to real-time streaming traffic data feeds as collected by the existing loop detectors from Ministry of Transportation, Ontario (COMPASS) and City of Toronto (RESCU). In addition, the ITS Centre features a 20 monitor video wall with access to all of the COMPASS and RESCU video feeds through 20 simultaneous video channels. As such, the centre can facilitate research, testing and development in a manner that is non-intrusive to the daily operations of RESCU and COMPASS.

Project Objectives

The purpose of this project was to evaluate innovative automated incident detection systems and to explore new possibilities with respect to traffic probe data sources.

A key component to this project lied in the development of an Incident Detection Testbed System (IDTS) that uses real-time, online video and data feeds to evaluate incident detection systems. It was anticipated that the real-time, online evaluation of these systems would yield: a clear distinction for the strengths and weaknesses of the respective systems, recommendations for more effective deployments of these systems, and potentially, recommendations for new areas of research to further improve the operation of incident detection systems. Within the scope of this assignment, three incident detection systems were evaluated and compared using the IDTS: the McMaster Algorithm, the University of Toronto Genetic Adaptive Incident Detection GAID, and the Citilog Video Vehicle Detection System (VVDS).

Concurrent with the evaluation of present-day incident detection systems, an investigation was conducted into the potential for using probe-based data (e.g. traffic data extracted from transponder systems, cell phones, electronic license plates, etc.) for the purposes of traffic management. This may well represent the future of traffic management systems as the costly requirement for vehicle detection infrastructure expansion, re-instatement and maintenance continues to grow. The investigation yielded a report identifying the issues surrounding the potential migration from traditional point-detector based data to probe-based data.

The overall project focused on exploring the “real world” issues associated with deployment of incident detection systems and the potential use of probe based data for traffic management purposes. A final report and executive summary was provided that clearly identified the issues, quantify them, and propose realistic, cost-effective solutions wherever possible.

Deliverables

In the context of this project, the following deliverables were also anticipated:

• A set of usage guidelines for current incident detection system deployment
• Identification of new measures of effectiveness (MOEs) for incident detection system evaluation
• Recommendations for further research in the field of incident detection algorithms and potentially probe-based traffic management algorithms

This project focused on studying Automated Carpool Detection Systems for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Monitoring. The final report provides a basis on which electronic / automated processes for monitoring HOV / Height Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes can be developed. It outlines a number of viable concepts to be considered for development, demonstration, and/or field evaluation. The results were compiled through a comprehensive review of current practice and previous research, and consultation with members of the transportation industry including law enforcement, auto manufacturers and transportation planners. The study demonstrates the feasibility and potential benefits of automating the occupancy detection task, and highlights the social concerns and commercial issues that need to be addressed.

Washington State DOT were integrating their State CAD system to their statewide traveler information system (CARS) by using National ITS Standards. This project involved ENTERPRISE states discussing such topics as the expansion to state using CAD systems from different vendors (ie. Is the data coming out of CAD standardized?) as well as examining the use of the same standardized interfaces to send data to other condition reporting / statewide information systems.

Many ENTERPRISE states now operate statewide traveler information systems. Most often, these traveler information systems consist of some combination of 511 phone service, Internet dissemination system, and other possible dissemination mechanisms such as Highway Advisory Radio (HAR). The operation of a statewide traveler information system requires the assembly of statewide information on the conditions and events impacting the roads around the state. The State Patrol in most states operates a statewide Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) system that allows dispatchers to enter and view all current events reported to the State Patrol. Most states recognize that while there would be a strong value in relaying all the serious (accident impacting) events entered into the State Patrol CAD through the traveler information systems, there is no direct link and therefore would require double entry.

Washington State performed an FHWA sponsored project to integrate the CAD system with their statewide traveler information system by creating a filter that decides what events merit being automatically sent to the traveler information system, and then filtering out any sensitive information about the event that should not be relayed to the traveling public. The intent of this ENTERPRISE project was to work with ENTERPRISE states to facilitate the transfer of the results and end product of the FHWA sponsored Washington project.

The goal of this project was to help ENTERPRISE states benefit from the results of the FHWA CAD-TMC project to the extent possible, with the following detailed objectives:

• To share early lessons learned in Washington CAD-TMC project with ENTERPRISE states
• To assess the Potential for CAD-TMC Integration in ENTERPRISE states.
• To develop a Concept for how CAD-TMC exchange could be implemented In ENTERPRISE state

Project Activities

The work completed as part of this project is as follows:

Task 1: Sharing early lessons learned in Washington CAD-TMC project with ENTERPRISE states

Efforts in Task 1 shared the information on the exact agreements between Washington DOT and Washington State Patrol regarding the sharing of data, the filtering of sensitive information, and the standardized formats for output provided by the CAD vendor in Washington.

Task 2: Facilitating Discussions with Key Staff in ENTERPRISE States to Assess the Potential for CAD-TMC Integration.

Efforts in Task 2 facilitated research and discussions with the ENTERPRISE states to understand
1. The level of interest in the electronic sharing of data between State Police and DOT Operations, and
2. An understanding of the cooperative working relationships that exist between State Police and DOT’s to determine the likelihood that a data sharing arrangement is possible, and
3. The CAD systems in use within the states with the intent of understanding the output information that is available and the likelihood that this data could be shared with the DOT TMC system.

Task 3: Development of Concept for How CAD-TMC Exchange Could be Implemented In ENTERPRISE States

Efforts in Task 3 presented an Implementation plan that defines the high level scenario that could be used by ENTERPRISE states to integrate the CAD and TMC systems. For example, this plan defined the output formats of data from the CAD system, a proposed draft agreement for information exchange among agencies (based on the experiences of the Washington project and the earlier research conducted in Task 2, and a proposed use of either the TMDD or ATIS standards for exchanging data with the TMC system.

CAD-TMC Field Operational Test Final Report: Washington State – July 2006

Under the National Scenic Byways Program, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation recognizes certain roads as National Scenic Byways or All-American Roads based on their archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and scenic qualities. There are currently 95 nationally designated scenic byways in 39 states across the U.S. Collectively, these roads are known as America’s Byways.

The America’s Byways Program provides Federal leadership, coordination and facilitation for the individual Scenic Byways programs across the country. The America’s Byways Program has completed an ITS Strategic Plan that described a clear vision for how ITS could enhance and improve traveler information along the Scenic Byways. The next step desired by the America’s Byways Program was to pursue a demonstration project in one of the Scenic Byways to demonstrate the effectiveness of ITS.

A challenge that has faced many State DOTs is the operations of rural ITS systems. Whether the systems are kiosks, radio station broadcasts, dynamic message signs or camera surveillance systems, they all need some form of regular maintenance and operations to maintain operational status. When you examine and consider the arrangement of Scenic Byways, these are most often local groups of businesses or communities that have joined together to champion a Scenic Byway. Therefore, there is potential for the local operational maintenance and support that is critical to ITS systems.

This project built on the foundational efforts of the America’s Byways Resource Center to develop the Byways ITS Strategic Plan in order to introduce the concepts and applications of ITS to the scenic byways communities. This report introduced several key ITS applications that could be applied to scenic byways, including:

• Low Power FM (LPFM) Radio
• Highway Advisory Radio (HAR)
• Kiosks and Internet Web Sites
• 511 Traveler Information
• Condition Reporting
• Variable Message Signs (VMS)
• Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS)\

The project selected to two high-quality byway sites that would benefit from enhanced interpretive and traveler information provided using ITS technologies. Specific ITS technologies were selected based on the requirements and characteristics of each selected byways demonstration site. The field demonstration of the ITS technologies were operated for one visitation season on the byway.

The following illustrates the sequence of steps recommended for introducing Intelligent Transportation Systems to the byways community:

1. ENTERPRISE Interaction with America’s Byways
2. Definition of Guidelines for DOT/Scenic Byway Cooperation
3. Development of Business Plan for Demonstration Project
4. Demonstration Deployment(s)

Project Activities

The work completed as a part of this project was as follows:

Task 1: Facilitate Interaction of ENTERPRISE Members and America’s Byways and Identify and Select Candidate Byways

Efforts in Task 1 consisted of travel for the director or assistant director of the America’s Byways Program to attend the December 2003 ENTERPRISE meeting, provided voluntarily by the America’s Byways Resource Center. The intent of this meeting was for ENTERPRISE states to educate the America’s Byways representative on the technologies available in each state, and to allow the America’s Byways representative to present and educate ENTERPRISE members on details of how the Scenic Byways programs work (i.e. Funding, operations, marketing). The intent of this meeting was to select a key Scenic Byways corridor(s) to serve as the test environment and to discuss the potential technologies to deploy at the test site.

A key to the discussions with the America’s Byways program was the detailed discussions on ownership of the technologies deployed, and agreements needed with the local agencies to facilitate ongoing operations and maintenance. Beyond this, discussions focused on the content available and the desired result of traveler information within the candidate byways.

The deliverable of this plan was a brainstormed approach that roughly identified two key Scenic Byways corridors and the deployments planned along these corridors (including ownership of systems, maintenance and operations roles, information content available, and travelers needs for tourism and traveler information).

Criteria for selecting the byways sites included the existence of a Comprehensive Management Plan, a project champion for the byway demonstration, and perhaps the ability to leverage seed funds for deployment of the field equipment. Some byways that could be considered include:

• State Candidate Byway
• Arizona Kaibab Plateau–North Rim Parkway
• Colorado Top of the Rockies Byway
• Iowa Loess Hill Scenic Parkway
• Kansas Frontier Military Byway
• Minnesota Minnesota River Valley Byway
• Minnesota Great River Road Byway
• New Mexico Santa Fe Trail Byway
• Virginia Blue Ridge Parkway
• Washington Mountains to the Sound Greenway

Task 2: Develop Scenic Byways – DOT Joint Development Guidelines

Efforts in Task 2 documented lessons learned from the joint ENTERPRISE / America’s Byways meeting as well as expanded upon the section developed as part of the America’s Byways ITS Strategic Plan which offered guidance for Byways to cooperate with State DOTs on the development and operation of ITS systems. The intent of this document was twofold:

1. To provide each ENTERPRISE state with a series of guidelines for forming partnerships with their local Scenic Byways programs and opportunities for cost sharing, operations and maintenance support sharing, and a sample agreement that State DOTs may use to work together with the Scenic Byways group in each state.
2. To be amended to the America’s Byways ITS Strategic Plan that was and continued to be promoted to the Scenic Byways programs in each state as a guideline for how Scenic Byways’ champions can approach and work together with State DOT agencies in the development of ITS systems.

The intent of Task 2 was not to spend large portions of the project budget, but rather to build upon efforts already conducted during the America’s Byways ITS Strategic Plan development.

This task included the development of the interpretive and traveler information for each of the selected byways demonstration sites. The project consultant worked with the local byway community and the project sponsors to develop and document interpretive and traveler information. A local byway community member, or other organization, could be utilized develop interpretive information on byway attractions for dissemination through the ITS technologies demonstration.

Task 3: Deployment of ITS Systems Along Up To Two Scenic Byways

Efforts in Task 3 made use of the ITS deployment guidelines and working relationship established with the Scenic Byways agencies to move forward with some form of ITS demonstration project. From the perspective of ENTERPRISE member states, the deployment tested the deployment guidelines and examine the potential for true partnering between the DOT and the Scenic Byways champion in each area. It was recommended that the exact equipment, content, operational procedures, and even the contractor to implement the systems not be finalized until this task was underway and discussions are conducted with the selected Scenic Byway representatives. In this regard, dependent upon the byway(s) selected and their interest, it was possible that the Scenic Byway may have the capacity to implement all or portions of the system. However, regardless of how the implementation is contracted, the intent of this task was to encourage the local Scenic Byway representatives to share in the ownership with the DOT to the extent possible.

Therefore, Task 3 had two modules:

Task 3A: Identify Location, ATIS Technologies, Content and Business Models for Demonstration

Task 3A was a series of discussions between the DOT representatives and the Scenic Byways representative in the selected corridor(s) to select and finalize the ITS systems for deployment. As part of these discussions, a deployment plan was developed to identify and address the key issues of each project:

• Development and provision of traveler information content;
• Final selection of equipment and deployment locations;
• Formation of partnerships for ITS (e.g. byways organizations, state DOT, byways resource center, tourism departments, chambers of commerce, etc.);
• Deployment financing (any cost sharing in the initial deployment – perhaps the ENTERPRISE funds are leveraged against local DOT or Byways funds, ongoing operational costs and recovery methods.);
• Roles and responsibilities for ongoing operations and maintenance.

Task 3B: ITS Demonstrations

Task 3B was the implementation of ITS systems. The most likely systems to be deployed included kiosks or HAR/Low Power FM radio broadcasts able to promote local tourism as well as travel conditions and travel information.

In order to prevent a long term operations tail for the ENTERPRISE Program, efforts in this task strived to deploy the systems in a manner that either the local Scenic Byway or the local DOT assume ownership and responsibility for ongoing maintenance, and the ENTERPRISE funding is seen primarily as seed money.

Task 4: Evaluation and Final Report

Efforts in Task 4 documented and summarize the results of Tasks 1 through 3 of the project. The deliverable of Task 4 was a Final Report that was distributed to the ENTERPRISE member states and America’s Byways.

Demonstrations were evaluated to gather feedback on the performance and benefits of ITS/ATIS technology for the byways sites as part of the final report. If project funds permit, a questionnaire or interviews were used to determine how well the ITS/ATIS technologies meet the byways goals. Efforts were made to conduct the evaluation during peak travel periods.